DNA probes have been developed and used well since the first construction in 1950's. As well known, the probes can work by providing a DNA strand to target the other through base pair hybridization, which as a result form a classic Watson–Crick double helix structure. Based on this, several DNA probe strategies have been developed in recent years, including fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), DNA molecular beacons (MBs), and toehold-based double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) probes, etc.
With a target sequence in mind, DNA probes with the length of 15-60 bps could be designed depending on different application purposes. For example, a shorter probe can be used for PCR, while longer can be used to build a biosensor by functionalizing material surfaces, such as silicon nitride, plastic, carbondiimide, etc. Multiple biochemical/biomedical applications of DNA probes have been successfully achieved by the utilization of various advanced techniques, such as some laboratory techniques including PCR, qPCR, blotting, etc. More recently, due to increasing understanding of DNA nanostructure-based nucleic acid probes, their applications have been involved in not only biosensors but bioimaging, cell assembly and capture and cancer therapy (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Schematic of DNA nanostructure-based nucleic acid probes:
construction and biological applications. (Wang D X, et al. 2021)
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